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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">File manager</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"File Manager" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">Windows File Manager</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"file browser" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="File_viewer" title="File viewer">file viewer</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>file manager</b> or <b>file browser</b> is a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that provides a <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> to manage <a href="Computer_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer files">files</a> and <a href="Folder_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folder (computing)">folders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common <a href="Computer_file#Operations" title="Computer file">operations</a> performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g. <a href="File_viewer" title="File viewer">viewing</a>, playing, editing or <a href="Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printing</a>), renaming, <a href="File_copying" title="File copying">copying</a>, <a href="Computer_file#Moving_methods" title="Computer file">moving</a>, <a href="File_deletion" title="File deletion">deleting</a> and searching for files, as well as modifying <a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">file attributes</a>, properties and <a href="File_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File permissions">file permissions</a>. <a href="Folder_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folder (computing)">Folders</a> and files may be displayed in a <a href="Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">hierarchical tree</a> based on their <a href="Directory_structure" title="Directory structure">directory structure</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_transfer">File transfer</h3></div>

<p><a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical</a> file managers may support copying and moving of files through "<a href="Copy_and_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy and paste">copy and paste</a>" and "cut and paste" respectively, as well as through <a href="Drag_and_drop" title="Drag and drop">drag and drop</a>, and a separate menu for selecting the target path.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While transferring files, a file manager may show the source and destination directories, transfer progress in percentage and/or size, progress bar, name of the file currently being transferred, remaining and/or total number of files, numerical transfer rate, and graphical transfer rate. The ability to pause the file transfer allows temporarily granting other software full sequential read access while allowing to resume later without having to restart the file transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some file managers move multiple files by copying and deleting each selected file from the source individually, while others first copy all selected files, then delete them from the source afterwards, as described in <a href="Computer_file#Moving_methods" title="Computer file">computer file § Moving methods</a>.

</p><p>Conflicting file names in a target directory may be handled through renaming, overwriting, or skipping. Renaming is typically numerical. Overwriting may be conditional, such as when the source file is newer or differs in size.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Files could technically be compared with <a href="Checksums" class="mw-redirect" title="Checksums">checksums</a>, but that would require reading through the entire source and target files, which would slow down the process significantly on larger files.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interface">User interface</h3></div>

<p>Some file managers contain features analogous to <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>, including forward and back <a href="Navigation_bar" title="Navigation bar">navigational buttons</a>, an address bar, <a href="Tabbed_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabbed browsing">tabs</a>, and a bookmark side bar.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networking">Networking</h3></div>

<p>Some file managers provide <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> connectivity via <a href="Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a>, such as <a href="File_transfer_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="File transfer protocol">FTP</a>, <a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a>, <a href="Network_File_System_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network File System (protocol)">NFS</a>, <a href="Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB</a> or <a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a>. This is achieved by allowing the user to browse for a <a href="File_server" title="File server">file server</a> (connecting and accessing the server's file system like a local file system) or by providing its own full client implementations for file server protocols.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directory_editors">Directory editors</h2></div>

<p>A term that <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">predates</span> the usage of <i>file manager</i> is <i>directory editor</i>. An early directory editor, <a href="Dired" title="Dired">DIRED</a>, was developed circa 1974 at the <a href="Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> by <a href="Stan_Kugell" title="Stan Kugell">Stan Kugell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A directory editor was written for <a href="EXEC_8" class="mw-redirect" title="EXEC 8">EXEC 8</a> at the University of Maryland, and was available to other users at that time. The term was used by other developers, including <a href="Jay_Lepreau" title="Jay Lepreau">Jay Lepreau</a>, who wrote the <b>dired</b> program in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ran on <a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>. This was in turn inspired by an older program with the same name running on <a href="TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a>. <b>Dired</b> inspired other programs, including <a href="Dired" title="Dired">dired</a>, the editor script (for <a href="Emacs" title="Emacs">emacs</a> and similar editors), and <b>ded</b>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File-list_file_manager">File-list file manager</h2></div>

<p><i>File-list</i> file managers are lesser known and older than orthodox file managers.

</p><p>One such file manager was <a href="Xerox_Alto#Software" title="Xerox Alto">neptune</a>. It ran on the <a href="Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> in the 1973-1974 time frame.

It had some of the same features that would end up in orthodox file managers.

</p><p>Another such file manager is flist, which was introduced sometime before 1980 on the <a href="Conversational_Monitor_System" title="Conversational Monitor System">Conversational Monitor System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

This is a variant of FULIST, which originated before late 1978, according to comments by its author, Theo Alkema.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The flist program provided a list of files in the user's minidisk,<sup id="cite_ref-minidisk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minidisk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowed sorting by any file attribute. The file attributes could be passed to scripts or function-key definitions, making it simple to use flist as part of <a href="CMS_EXEC" title="CMS EXEC">CMS EXEC</a>, <a href="EXEC_2" title="EXEC 2">EXEC 2</a> or <a href="XEDIT" title="XEDIT">XEDIT</a> scripts.

</p><p>This program ran only on IBM VM/SP CMS, but was the inspiration for other programs, including filelist<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a script run via the <a href="XEDIT" title="XEDIT">Xedit</a> editor), and programs running on other operating systems, including a program also called flist, which ran on <a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and FULIST (from the name of the corresponding internal IBM program),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which runs on <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthodox_file_managers">Orthodox file managers</h2></div>

<p>Orthodox file managers (sometimes <a href="Abbreviated" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbreviated">abbreviated</a> to "OFM") or command-based file managers are text-menu based file managers that commonly have three windows (two panels and one command line window). Orthodox file managers are one of the longest running families of file managers, preceding <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>-based types. Developers create applications that duplicate and extend the manager that was introduced by <a href="PathMinder" title="PathMinder">PathMinder</a> and <a href="John_Socha" title="John Socha">John Socha</a>'s <a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a> for <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>. The concept dates to the mid-1980s—PathMinder was released in 1984, and Norton Commander version 1.0 was released in 1986. Despite the age of this concept, file managers based on Norton Commander are actively developed, and dozens of implementations exist for DOS, Unix, and Microsoft Windows. <a href="Nikolai_Bezroukov" title="Nikolai Bezroukov">Nikolai Bezroukov</a> publishes his own set of criteria for an OFM standard (version 1.2 dated June 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_2">Features</h3></div>

<p>An orthodox file manager typically has three windows. Two of the windows are called panels and are positioned symmetrically at the top of the screen. The third is the command line, which is essentially a minimized command (shell) window that can be expanded to full screen. Only one of the panels is active at a given time. The active panel contains the "file cursor". Panels are resizable and can be hidden. Files in the active panel serve as the source of file operations performed by the manager. For example, files can be copied or moved from the active panel to the location represented in the passive panel. This scheme is most effective for systems in which the keyboard is the primary or sole input device. The active panel shows information about the <a href="Current_working_directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Current working directory">current working directory</a> and the files that it contains. The passive (inactive) panel shows the content of the same or another directory (the default target for file operations). Users may customize the display of columns that show relevant file information. The active panel and passive panel can be switched (often by pressing the <a href="Tab_key" title="Tab key">tab key</a>).

</p><p>The following features describe the class of orthodox file managers.

</p>

<ul><li>They present the user with a two-panel directory view with a command line below. Either panel may be selected to be active; the other becomes passive. The active panel becomes the working area for delete and rename operations, while the passive panel serves as a target for copy and move operations. Panels may be shrunk, exposing the terminal window hidden behind them. Normally, only the last line of the terminal window (the command line) is visible.</li>

<li>They provide close integration with an underlying <a href="Operating_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating System">OS</a> shell via <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command line</a>, using the associated terminal window that permits viewing the results of executing shell commands entered on the command line (e.g., via Ctrl-O shortcut in Norton Commander).</li>

<li>They provide the user with extensive keyboard shortcuts.</li>

<li>The file manager frees the user from having to use the mouse.</li>

<li>Users can create their own file associations and scripts that are invoked for certain file types and organize these scripts into a hierarchical tree (e.g., as a user script library or user menu).</li>

<li>Users can extend the functionality of the manager via a so-called <i>User menu</i> or <i>Start menu</i> and extensions menu.</li></ul>

<p>Other common features include:

</p>

<ul><li>Information on the "active" and "passive" panels may be used for constructing commands on the command line. Examples include current file, path to left panel, path to right panel, etc.</li>

<li>They provide a built-in viewer for (at least) the most basic file types.</li>

<li>They have a built-in editor. In many cases, the editor can extract certain elements of the panels into the text being edited.</li>

<li>Many support virtual file systems (<a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">VFS</a>) such as viewing compressed archives, or working with files via an FTP connection.</li>

<li>They often have the word <i>commander</i> in the name, after <a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a>.</li>

<li>Path: shows the source/destination location of the directory in use</li>

<li>Information about directory size, disk usage and disk name (usually at the bottom of the panels)</li>

<li>Panel with information about file name, extension, date and time of creation, last modification, and permissions (attributes).</li>

<li>Info panel with the number of files in directory, and the sum of the sizes of selected files.</li>

<li>Tabbed interface (usually in GUI file managers)</li>

<li>Function keys: F1–F10 have all the same functions under all orthodox file managers. Examples: F5 always copies file(s) from the active to the inactive panel, while F6 moves the file.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tabbed_panels">Tabbed panels</h4></div>

<p>The introduction of tabbed panels in some file managers (for example <a href="Total_Commander" title="Total Commander">Total Commander</a>) made it possible to manipulate more than one active and passive directory at a time.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portability">Portability</h4></div>

<p>Orthodox file managers<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are among the most portable file managers. Examples are available on almost any platform, with both command-line and graphical interfaces. This is unusual among command line managers in that something purporting to be a standard for the interface is published. They are also actively supported by developers. This makes it possible to do the same work on different platforms without much relearning of the interface.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual-pane_managers">Dual-pane managers</h4></div>

<p>Sometimes they are called dual-pane managers, a term that is typically used for programs such as the <a href="Windows_File_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows File Explorer">Windows File Explorer</a> (see below). But they have three panes including a command line pane below (or hidden behind) two symmetric panes. Furthermore, most of these programs allow using just one of the two larger panes with the second hidden. Some also add an item to the Context Menu in Windows to "Open two Explorers, side by side".

</p><p>Notable ones include:

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Altap_Salamander" title="Altap Salamander">Altap Salamander</a></li>

<li><a href="Commander_One" title="Commander One">Commander One</a></li>

<li><a href="Demos_Commander" title="Demos Commander">Demos Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_Opus" title="Directory Opus">Directory Opus</a></li>

<li><a href="DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a> (DN) and derivatives</li>

<li><a href="Double_Commander" title="Double Commander">Double Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="EmelFM2" title="EmelFM2">emelFM2</a></li>

<li><a href="Far_Manager" title="Far Manager">Far Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="ForkLift_(File_Manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="ForkLift (File Manager)">ForkLift</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Commander" title="GNOME Commander">GNOME Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_HandShaker" title="IBM HandShaker">IBM HandShaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Krusader" title="Krusader">Krusader</a></li>

<li><a href="Midnight_Commander" title="Midnight Commander">Midnight Commander</a> (MC)</li>

<li><a href="MuCommander" title="MuCommander">muCommander</a></li>

<li><a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a> (NC)</li>

<li><a href="PathMinder" title="PathMinder">PathMinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_(file_manager)" title="Ranger (file manager)">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_Commander" title="Total Commander">Total Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="Volkov_Commander" title="Volkov Commander">Volkov Commander</a> (VC)</li>

<li><a href="WinSCP" title="WinSCP">WinSCP</a></li>

<li><a href="XTree" title="XTree">XTree</a></li>

<li><a href="ZTreeWin" title="ZTreeWin">ZTreeWin</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigational_file_manager">Navigational file manager</h2></div>

<p>A <b>navigational file manager</b> is a newer type of file manager. Since the advent of <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUIs</a>, it has become the dominant type of file manager for desktop computers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Typically, it has two panes, with the filesystem tree in the left pane and the contents of the current directory in the right pane. For macOS, the <a href="Miller_columns" title="Miller columns">Miller columns</a> view in <a href="Macintosh_Finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh Finder">Finder</a> (originating in <a href="NeXTStep" class="mw-redirect" title="NeXTStep">NeXTStep</a>) is a variation on the navigational file manager theme.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">window</a> displays the location currently being viewed.</li>

<li>The location being viewed (the current directory) can be changed by the user by opening directories, pressing a <i>back button</i>, typing a location, or using the additional pane with the navigation tree representing all or part of the filesystem.</li>

<li><a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">Icons</a> represent files, programs, and directories.</li></ul>

<p>The interface in a navigational file manager often resembles a <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, complete with <i>back</i> and <i>forward</i> buttons, and often <i>reload</i> buttons. Most also contain an address bar into which the file or directory path (or <a href="URI" class="mw-redirect" title="URI">URI</a>) can be typed.

</p><p>Most navigational file managers have two panes, the left pane being a <a href="Tree_view" title="Tree view">tree view</a> of the filesystem. This means that unlike orthodox file managers, the two panes are asymmetrical in their content and use.

</p><p>Selecting a directory in the Navigation pane on the left designates it as the current directory, displaying its contents in the Contents pane on the right. However, expanding (+) or collapsing (-) a portion of the tree without selecting a directory will not alter the contents of the right pane. The exception to this behavior applies when collapsing a parent of the current directory, in which case the selection is refocused on the collapsed parent directory, thus altering the list in the Contents pane.

</p><p>The process of moving from one location to another need not open a new window. Several instances of the file manager can be opened simultaneously and communicate with each other via <a href="Drag-and-drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag-and-drop">drag-and-drop</a> and <a href="Clipboard_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipboard (software)">clipboard</a> operations, so it is possible to view several directories simultaneously and perform cut-and paste operations between instances.

</p><p>File operations are based on drag-and-drop and editor metaphors: users can select and copy files or directories onto the clipboard and then paste them in a different place in the filesystem or even in a different instance of the file manager.

</p><p>Notable examples of navigational file managers include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Directory_Opus" title="Directory Opus">Directory Opus</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolphin_(file_manager)" title="Dolphin (file manager)">Dolphin</a> in <a href="KDE_Software_Compilation" title="KDE Software Compilation">KDE</a></li>

<li><a href="DOS_Shell" title="DOS Shell">DOS Shell</a> in <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>/<a href="PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a> in Windows</li>

<li><a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">macOS Finder</a></li>

<li><a href="Nautilus_(file_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautilus (file manager)">Nautilus</a> in <a href="GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> (default since v2.30)</li>

<li><a href="File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a> (Windows Explorer)</li>

<li><a href="PC_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Shell">PC Shell</a> in <a href="PC_Tools_(software)" title="PC Tools (software)">PC Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a> in <a href="DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="XTree" title="XTree">XTree</a> / <a href="ZTreeWin" title="ZTreeWin">ZTreeWin</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spatial_file_manager">Spatial file manager</h2></div>

<p><b>Spatial file managers</b> use a spatial <a href="Interface_metaphor" title="Interface metaphor">metaphor</a> to represent <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and <a href="Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directories</a> as if they were actual physical objects. A spatial file manager imitates the way people interact with physical objects.

</p><p>Some ideas behind the concept of a spatial file manager are:

</p>

<ol><li>A single <a href="Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">window</a> represents each opened directory</li>

<li>Each window is unambiguously and irrevocably tied to a particular directory.</li>

<li>Stability: files, directories, and windows go where the user moves them, stay where the user puts them ("preserve their spatial state"), and retain all their other "physical" characteristics (such as size, shape, color and location).</li>

<li>The same item can only be viewed in one window at a time.</li></ol>

<p>As in navigational file managers, when a directory is opened, the <a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icon</a> representing the directory changes—perhaps from an image showing a closed drawer to an opened one, perhaps the directory's icon turns into a silhouette filled with a pattern—and a new window is opened to represent that directory.

</p><p>Examples of file managers that use a spatial metaphor to some extent include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>'s <a href="AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">Workbench</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a>'s <a href="Macintosh_Finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh Finder">Finder</a> 5 to 9</li>

<li><a href="BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a>'s <a href="OpenTracker" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenTracker">Tracker</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>'s <a href="Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">Desktop</a> (implemented in Atari TOS and as a somewhat reduced version for PCs)</li>

<li><a href="Enlightenment_(window_manager)" title="Enlightenment (window manager)">E17</a> file manager</li>

<li><a href="GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>'s <a href="Nautilus_file_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautilus file manager">Nautilus</a> from version 2.6 (default until 2.29, completely removed in 3.0)</li>

<li><a href="Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a>'s <a href="Haiku_Tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiku Tracker">Tracker</a></li>

<li><a href="Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a> has the option to turn into spatial mode</li>

<li><a href="MATE_(desktop_environment)" title="MATE (desktop environment)">MATE</a>'s Caja (though the default mode is navigational)</li>

<li><a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>'s <a href="Workplace_Shell" title="Workplace Shell">Workplace Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> Filer</li>

<li>ROX-Filer file manager (<a href="ROX_Desktop" title="ROX Desktop">ROX Desktop</a>)</li></ul>

<p>Dysfunctional spatial file managers:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Windows_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Explorer">Windows Explorer</a> in <a href="Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> was set as a spatial file manager model by default; because it also worked as a navigational file manager, directories could be opened in multiple windows, which made it fail all the above criteria. Later versions gradually abandoned the spatial model.</li>

<li><a href="Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a>'s <a href="Macintosh_Finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh Finder">Finder</a> in <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> was designed with a similar integration of spatial and navigational modes, meaning that the spatial mode did not actually work.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3D_file_managers">3D file managers</h2></div>

<p>Some projects have attempted to implement a <a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">three-dimensional</a> method of displaying files and directory structures. Three-dimensional file browsing has not become popular; the exact implementation tends to differ between projects, and there are no common standards to follow.

</p><p>Examples of three-dimensional file managers include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="File_System_Visualizer" title="File System Visualizer">File System Visualizer</a>, or fsv, an open-source clone of fsn for modern <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems.</li>

<li>tdfsb,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an open-source 3D file browser, where one enters directories by flying into them (using <a href="Arrow_keys#WASD_keys" title="Arrow keys">WASD</a>). Runs on Linux, FreeBSD and BeOS.</li>

<li><a href="BumpTop" title="BumpTop">BumpTop</a>, a file manager using a three-dimensional representation of a desktop with realistic physics, intended for use with a stylus and <a href="Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>.</li>

<li>Real Desktop,<sup id="cite_ref-real-desktop_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-real-desktop-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a desktop replacement with similarities to BumpTop.</li>

<li>Cubix 3D Filer <sup id="cite_ref-Cubix_3D_Filer_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cubix_3D_Filer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Windows file manager which organizes files according to different attributes.</li>

<li><a href="GopherVR" title="GopherVR">GopherVR</a>, a 3D visualisation of networked <a href="Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a> resources.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Web-based_file_managers">Web-based file managers</h2></div>

<p>Web-based file managers are typically scripts written in <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a>, <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">ASP</a> or another <a href="Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">server-side language</a>. When installed on a local server or on a remote server, they allow files and directories located there to be managed and edited, using a web browser, without the need for <a href="FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP Access</a>.

</p><p>More advanced, and usually commercially distributed, web-based file management scripts allow the administrator of the file manager to configure secure, individual user accounts, each with individual account permissions. Authorized users have access to documents stored on the server or in their individual user directories anytime, from anywhere, via a web browser.

</p><p>A web-based file manager can serve as an organization's digital repository. For example, documents, digital media, publishing layouts, and presentations can be stored, managed, and shared between customers, suppliers, and remote workers, or just internally.

</p><p>Web-based file managers are becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in popularity of dynamic web <a href="Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management systems</a> (CMS) and the need for non-technical website moderators to manage media on their websites powered by these platforms.

</p><p>An example is <a href="Net2ftp" title="Net2ftp">net2ftp</a>, a PHP- and JavaScript-based FTP client.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_picker">File picker</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="File_dialog" title="File dialog">File dialog</a></div>

<p>Operating systems typically ship a <i>file picker</i>, which allows specifying in which location to save a file (usually accessed through the "Save as" option in software), and where to open a file from. Sometimes, a folder is selected instead of a file or destination path.

</p><p>Some file pickers also allow file management to some degree, such as searching, moving, copying, renaming, and copying the path to clipboard.

</p><p>Some software might have a customized file picker.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Batch_renaming" title="Batch renaming">Batch renaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_file_managers" title="Comparison of file managers">Comparison of file managers</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_space_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk space analyzer">Disk space analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">Desktop metaphor</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_navigation" title="Spatial navigation">Spatial navigation</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> file manager "<a href="FileZilla" title="FileZilla">FileZilla</a>" includes the options "Overwrite if the source is newer", "Overwrite if different size", and "Overwrite if differenz size or source newer".</span>

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<li id="cite_note-real-desktop-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-real-desktop_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.real-desktop.de/">"Real Desktop"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite> product homepage</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cubix_3D_Filer-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cubix_3D_Filer_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubixproject.com/">"Cubix 3D Filer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite> The Cubix Project Homepage</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/finder.ars">About the Finder</a>, by John Siracusa, <a href="Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>, 2003. Retrieved 2010-12-26.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bytebot.net/geekdocs/spatial-nautilus.html">The Spatial Way</a>, by Colin Charles, 2004. Retrieved 2010-12-26.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403063510/http://freeware.sgi.com/fw-5.3/fw_dired/dired.html">dired - directory editor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403063510/http://freeware.sgi.com/fw-5.3/fw_dired/dired.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2010-12-26.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030215132519/http://www.cs.uregina.ca/dept/manuals/Manuals/4System/4_3cms/4_3CMS.html">4.3.2.2.3. FLIST</a> at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 15, 2003) in <i>Introduction to IBM/CMS, Users' Manual</i>, <a href="University_of_Regina_Department_of_Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Regina Department of Computer Science">Department of Computer Science</a>, <a href="University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">University of Regina</a>, Saskatchewan, Canada.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="File_managers_(comparison)224" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> (<a href="Comparison_of_file_managers" title="Comparison of file managers">comparison</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dired" title="Dired">Dired</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolphin_(file_manager)" title="Dolphin (file manager)">Dolphin</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_Commander" title="Double Commander">Double Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="GEM_(desktop_environment)" title="GEM (desktop environment)">Graphics Environment Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Midnight_Commander" title="Midnight Commander">Midnight Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="MuCommander" title="MuCommander">MuCommander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="EmelFM2" title="EmelFM2">emelFM2</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentoo_(file_manager)" title="Gentoo (file manager)">gentoo</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Commander" title="GNOME Commander">GNOME Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Files" title="GNOME Files">GNOME Files</a></li>

<li><a href="Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li>

<li><a href="Krusader" title="Krusader">Krusader</a></li>

<li><a href="PCMan_File_Manager" title="PCMan File Manager">PCManFM</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_(file_manager)" title="Ranger (file manager)">ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceFM" title="SpaceFM">SpaceFM</a></li>

<li><a href="Thunar" title="Thunar">Thunar</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a></li>

<li><a href="DOS_Shell" title="DOS Shell">DOS Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="PathMinder" title="PathMinder">PathMinder</a></li>

<li><a href="PC_Tools_(software)" title="PC Tools (software)">PC Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a></li>

<li><a href="Volkov_Commander" title="Volkov Commander">Volkov Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="XTree" title="XTree">XTree</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a></li>

<li><a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer / Windows Explorer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altap_Salamander" title="Altap Salamander">Altap Salamander</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_Opus" title="Directory Opus">Directory Opus</a></li>

<li><a href="DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorer%2B%2B" title="Explorer++">Explorer++</a></li>

<li><a href="Far_Manager" title="Far Manager">Far Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="STDU_Explorer" title="STDU Explorer">STDU Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_Commander" title="Total Commander">Total Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="WinSCP" title="WinSCP">WinSCP</a></li>

<li><a href="Xplorer%C2%B2" title="Xplorer²">xplorer²</a></li>

<li><a href="XTree" title="XTree">XTree</a></li>

<li><a href="XYplorer" title="XYplorer">XYplorer</a></li>

<li><a href="ZTreeWin" title="ZTreeWin">ZTreeWin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Macintosh_operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh operating systems">Macintosh OSs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Classic_Mac_OS27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commander_One" title="Commander One">Commander One</a></li>

<li><a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li>

<li><a href="ForkLift_(file_manager)" title="ForkLift (file manager)">ForkLift</a></li>

<li><a href="Path_Finder" title="Path Finder">Path Finder</a></li>

<li><a href="Xfile" title="Xfile">Xfile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenTracker" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenTracker">OpenTracker</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracker_(file_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (file manager)">Tracker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_files91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Computer_files91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">Computer files</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Binary_file" title="Binary file">Binary file</a> / <a href="Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a></li>

<li><a href="File_format" title="File format">File format</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_file_formats" title="List of file formats">List of file formats</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_file_signatures" title="List of file signatures">File signatures</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">Magic number</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open file formats</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_file_format" title="Proprietary file format">Proprietary file formats</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafile">Metafile</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidecar_file" title="Sidecar file">Sidecar file</a></li>

<li><a href="Sparse_file" title="Sparse file">Sparse file</a></li>

<li><a href="System_file" title="System file">System file</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_file" title="Temporary file">Temporary file</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Filename" title="Filename">Filename</a>

<ul><li><a href="8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_filename" title="Long filename">Long filename</a></li>

<li><a href="Filename_mangling" title="Filename mangling">Filename mangling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_filename_extensions" title="List of filename extensions">List of filename extensions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_file_and_hidden_directory" title="Hidden file and hidden directory">Hidden file / Hidden directory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory/folder</a>

<ul><li><a href="NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">NTFS links</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_folder" title="Temporary folder">Temporary folder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Directory_structure" title="Directory structure">Directory structure</a></li>

<li><a href="File_system" title="File system">File system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" title="Filesystem Hierarchy Standard">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid file system</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic file system</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="File_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="File operation">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">Close</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">Write</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">File descriptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Shortcut_(computing)" title="Shortcut (computing)">Shortcut</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alias_(Mac_OS)" title="Alias (Mac OS)">Alias</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_(OS/2)" title="Shadow (OS/2)">Shadow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic link</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li>

<li><a href="File_comparison" title="File comparison">File comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="File_copying" title="File copying">File copying</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_file_managers" title="Comparison of file managers">Comparison of file managers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_system_fragmentation" title="File system fragmentation">File system fragmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">File-system permissions</a></li>

<li><a href="File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a>

<ul><li><a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="File_synchronization" title="File synchronization">File synchronization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_verification" title="File verification">File verification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="File_systems283" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="File_systems283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br>non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li>

<li><a href="AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li>

<li>BFS

<ul><li><a href="Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li>Byte File System (<a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li>

<li>EFS

<ul><li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li>

<li><a href="HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a>

<ul><li><a href="HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li>

<li>MFS

<ul><li><a href="Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li>

<li><a href="TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li>

<li><a href="NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li>

<li><a href="ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li>

<li>SFS

<ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>

<li><a href="OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li>

<li><a href="Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li>

<li><a href="SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>specfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li>

<li><a href="EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li>

<li><a href="Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li>

<li><a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li>

<li><a href="Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li>

<li>Links

<li><a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li>

<li><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a>

<ul><li><a href="Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li>

<li><a href="GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=File_manager&oldid=1300612112">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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